Training-Free versus Training-Based Intent Classification in LLMs: Accuracy, Robustness, and Failure Modes

To appear in COLM, 2026

Recommended citation: Zhouhao Yang*, Nan Chen*, Soufiane Hayou, "Training-Free versus Training-Based Intent Classification in LLMs: Accuracy, Robustness, and Failure Modes." To appear in COLM 2026.